同等学力申硕英语语法精讲：名词在句子中的作用

2014-02-05 23:21:00来源：网络

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　　名词在句子中有以下几种重要作用，如做主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。它是句子中最主要的词。

　　(一)主语

　　1. 句子的主语：

　　Father is working on the farm. / Mary visited her teacher yesterday. / A beautiful ship will sail on this river tomorrow. / Some goods have arrived.

　　句子中的黑体字均表示“谁……”或“什么……”，即动作的执行者。一般都放在句首。

　　2. 动名词逻辑上的主语：

　　They thought Tom’s going there a mistake. / Mary’s getting married will be announced next month.

　　句子中的黑体字均为动名词逻辑上的主语，表示动名词going，getting的执行者。

　　3. 分词上的逻辑主语：

　　Peter being ill，his mother has to stay at home. / The sun having set，children went home. / She came into the classroom，her face covered with sweat.

　　句子中的黑体字均为分词上的逻辑主语，表示这是“谁”的情况，如Peter 生病、太阳落山等。

　　(二)宾语

　　He has a pretty cat. / Teacher can help Rose. / The sailor crossed the dangerous river easily. / Students should do their homework alone.

　　句子中的黑体字均表示动作的承受者，通常放在及物动词的后面。

　　She gave John a bag. / The grandmother is telling children a story. / The little boy brought mother an orange. / The wife cooked her husband a big fish.

　　句子中的黑体字均为双宾动词的宾语，其中，指人的为间接宾语，如John，mother等;指物的为间接宾语，如bag，fish等。

　　以下是介词的宾语：

　　I went to school everyday. / They are talking about the traffic accident. / On Friday，we always have our English lessons.

　　句子中的黑体字均为介词的宾语，表示与介词有关的东西，和介词一起表达一个完整的意思。这种宾语一般跟在介词后，和介词一起构成介词短语。

　　(三)表语

　　My sister is a doctor. / He has become an artist. / The ruins have been a famous building.

　　句子中的黑体字均为表语，表示主语是“谁”、“成为什么”。主语和其补足语往往指同一个人或同样东西。句子的动词为系动词。

　　(四)宾语的补足语

　　Many people now consider the family a school. / They elected him president. / All the students in that class knew their monitor a coward.

　　句子中的黑体字均为宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明，表示它“成为什么”、“被认为如何”等。它和宾语有密切关系，通常紧跟宾语其后。

　　(五)状语

　　He will arriive here next week. / We have walked eight miles. / It is six inches. / He will be back Monday.

　　句子中的黑体字均为状语，这些状语用来修饰动词或形容词，表长度时间等。在多种情况下，其前面有修饰语，有时也可以单独做状语。

　　(六)同位语

　　My friend John is a pleasant person. / This is Mr. Smith，headmaster of No.3 Middle School. / My roommate bought many things: books，pencils and stamps.

　　句子中的黑体字均为同位语，表示其前面名词或代词究竟指什么，或对其前面的名词或代词做补充说明，如John，headmaster，和books，pencils and stamps 分别对friend，Mr. Smith，things 做进一步的说明。

　　(七)定语

　　My family lives in a country house. / They are at the harvest festival. / He often visits night club. / His uncle met a silver smith that day.

　　句子中的黑体字均为定语，修饰其后面的另一个名词，或与另一个名词构成合成词。

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