同等学力英语语法之复合句(3)

2015-05-15 20:35:00来源:网络

  2. 名词从句

  名词从句是指在句子中起名词作用的主谓结构。在整个复合句中,它可做主语、宾语、同位语、表语或介词宾语。由于在句子中充当的句子成分不同,名词从句又可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句以及同位语从句。这四种从句有以下共同之处:

  ① 关联词相同。一般连词用that,whether,if;疑问副词用when,where,why,how(用以引导间接疑问句);疑问代词用who,what,which等。

  ② 前三种从句一般与主句或其他部分之间不能有分隔,即一般不用逗号(同位语从句有时可用逗号与句子的其他部分分开,但因其与前面名词作用相同,故也划入名词从句中)。

  (1) 主语从句。

  ①主语从句在句子中做主语,位置与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同。例如:

  Whoever wants to have this dictionary can get it from me. 不管是谁想要这本字典都可以从我这儿拿到。

  That the match will be cancelled is now certain. 比赛将被取消已是确定无疑的了。( that 引导主语从句时不能省略)

  When he did it is a mystery. 他什么时候做了这件事是个谜。

  ②主语从句一般放在句首,但主语从句过长放在句首时难免使整个复合句有点头重脚轻,因此常把它移到句子末尾,用引导词it做形式主语。例如:

  It soon became obvious that instead of being trained to sing she would be trained as a spy. 她将被训练成一个间谍而不是去唱歌,这是显而易见的。(it 做形式主语,真正的主语是后边的黑体部分)

  It is essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy. 人们从心理上抵制从计划经济到市场经济转变的影响是必然的。

  (2) 宾语从句。

  宾语从句和主语从句相类似,只是在句中充当宾语。

  ①由连词that、疑问代词或副词(如how,why,where等)引出的宾语从句(从属连词that在非正式文件中常省略)。

  例如:

  I know(that)he is friendly and hospitable. 据我所知,他很友好、很热情。

  Can you tell me why we have put off our meeting till next week?你能告诉我会议为什么推迟到下周了吗?

  ②宾语从句不仅可以充当动词宾语,而且还可以充当介词宾语或宾语补足语。但应注意,充当介词宾语时,从句不能用that引导。

  例如:

  I was surprised at what she said. 我对她说的话感到很吃惊。

  I have no idea of when the bus will leave. 我不知道车什么时候开。

  ③连接副词或连接代词(who,which,whom,when,where,how,what,whose)以及 whether和if引导的宾语从句一般只是跟在某些动词后面,这些动词常见的有:see,say,tell,answer,find out,know,imagine,suggest,wonder,show,discover,discuss,understand等。例如:

  The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport. 官方不清楚飞机为什么会在错误的机场降落。

  I cannot describe what I felt at that moment. 我不能描述我在那一刻的感受。

  Could you tell me why many writers are not fully appreciated until long after they die?你能告诉我为什么很多作家直到死后很久才能被人们完全理解赏识吗?

  宾语从句是指在复杂句中充当宾语的名词性从句,它通常由从属连词that以及wh-疑问词来引导。需要注意的是,由wh-疑问词所引导的宾语分句的语序在现代英语中通常采用正常语序,不能用倒装语序。

  ④在以think,believe,suppose,expect等动词引导的宾语从句中,尽管从句中是否定意义,但一般通过否定主句谓语动词来否定从句。例如:

  I don’t believe that they could finish the work within this week. 我认为他们这周完不成任务。

  I don’t expect that he will come here in time next Sunday. 我猜想他下周日不会及时来。

  (3) 表语从句。

  表语从句一般由 that,关系代词 what(表示 the thing which之意)或其他连接代词或副词引导。例如:

  The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. 他丢了工作的主要原因是因为他喝酒。

  The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. 问题是我们能否在明晚之前完成工作。

  (4) 同位语从句。

  一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个分句,对前者做进一步解释,说明它指的是谁或是什么等,这叫同位语。名词做同位语的情况最多,当然也有较复杂的结构。例如:

  We communists seek not official posts,but revolution.

  The lay out plan was completed within three months,half the usual time.

  Wei Fang,normally a timid girl,argued heatedly with them about it.

  通过以上举例,我们已了解同位语在具体的句子中的功能作用。下面将讲述同位语从句出现的两种情况:

  ①某些词通常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,hone,belief,news,rumor,thought,doubt等,后面常加that从句做同位语,解释说明一个名词,这叫同位语从句,通常连词that不能省。例如:

  Few people know the fact that he is seriously ill. 几乎没人知道他病得很重这一事实。

  They were surprised at the news that their American friends had a car accident on highway 13. 他们的美国朋友在13号高速公路出了事故的消息让他们十分吃惊。

  ②有些同位语从句不一定紧跟在它说明的名词后面,有可能被其他词隔开,往往是由于主句谓语较短,而从句较长,只是这种情况并非常见。例如:

  The idea occurred to him that he might work it out in other ways when he was tired of this problem. 当他厌倦了这一问题时,他突然想到一点:他可以用其他方法来解决问题。

  The news spread quickly that the president was assassinated last night. 总统昨天晚上被暗杀的消息很快传开了。

本文选自新东方在线论坛。

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