同等学力英语语法专题(7)

　　9 .语法疑难点解析

　　( 1 ) in that, but that, except that 引导的句子

　　通常在介词之后只用 wh- 词引导句子，但是 in that, but that, except that 已成固定词组，其后可直接引导句子。

　　1 ) in that

　　I enjoy country life better in that the air and water are less polluted there.

　　Human beings differ from animals in that they can think and speak.

　　2 ) but that

　　He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.

　　Tom would have passed the driving test but that he was too nervous then.

　　3 ) except that

　　She is a competent teacher except that she is occasionally not very strict with her students.

　　We have no news except that the ship reached port safely.

　　( 2 ) if only 和 only if 的区别

　　if only 引导的多为虚拟条件句，而且可引导表示愿望的虚拟单句。 only if 引导的是 真实条件句。在 only if 中， only 作为副词，表示强调。

　　1 ) if only

　　If only I had known about his coming, I would have met him at he airport.

　　I could had a better rest if only there weren't so much noise.

　　2 ) only if

　　The strikers will go back to work only if they get the salary raise they are asking for.

　　It doesn't matter what kind of job you do only if you feel fulfilled.

　　( 3 ) hardly/scarcely...when 和 no sooner...than

　　考生要记清这两种句型各自的搭配，切莫混淆。而且在倒装句中，第一个分句主谓倒装，第二个分句主谓不倒装，为正常语序。例如：

　　Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted.

　　Scarcely had they settled themselves in the theatre when the curtain went up.

　　No sooner had I stepped on the train than it got started.

　　No sooner did he announce the beginning of the press conference than the journalists rushed to the front to take photos of the world leaders.

　　( 4 )代词一致

　　代词一致是指句子中的代词，必须与其所指代的名词或代词在人称、数、性上保持一致。

　　1 ) anybody, anyone, anything, each one, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, something, either, neither, kind, type, sort, every, one 等词用做主语或限定主语时，代词一般用单数。例如：

　　Neither of the boys has done his homework.

　　If anyone calls, tell him I'll be back in a minute.

　　2 )用 or 或 nor 连接的名词，若两个都是单数，就用单数代词;若两个都是复数，就用复数代词;若一个是单数，一个是复数，其代词应与相邻的名词保持一致，性的一致也按此规则。例如：

　　Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.

　　Did Tom or Rose lose her self-confidence?

　　( 5 )被动语态补充说明

　　1 )如宾语补语是不带 to 的不定式，当句子变成被动语态以后，该不定式须还原 to 。例如：

　　The director made his staff work overtime.

　　The staff were made to work overtime.

　　2 )少数短语动词 be taken in, be supposed to do sth, be intended for sth. /sb. 通常只有被动式。

　　3 )有一类诸如 wash, open, polish, wear, write, sell, pull, push, lock, clean, cut, peel, spoil, read 的动词，后接副词时通常用其主动形式表示被动意义。例如： This pen writes smoothly.

　　4 )分清表语结构和被动语态。

　　有些短语如 be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等为表语结构，而非被动语态。例如：

　　The Chinese people is distinguished for its courage and industry. /He is satisfied with my job performance.

　　5 )有些词或词组无被动式，例如： happen, take place, break out 等。

　　( 6 )在反意疑问句中，如果陈述句中有 never, nothing, seldom, little, few, scarcely, hardly, rarely 等词表示否定时，反意疑问句要用肯定式。例如：

　　She hardly knew a word of French, did she?

　　There is little water left in the thermos, is there?

　　( 7 ) let alone, still less 等是表示追加否定的两类词组。

　　1 ) let alone, not to speak or, not to mention, to say nothing of 等词组的意思为“更不用说”，常用在一些词语后表示追加否定。既可用于否定语意后，表达追加否定;也可用于肯定语意后，表达追加肯定。例如：

　　This small baby can't walk, let alone run.

　　He has enough money for amusement, not to mention food.

　　For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

　　2 ) still less, much less, even less 等词组的意思为“更不……”，只用于否定语意后。例如：

　　I don't suspect him of robbery, still less of robbery with violence.

　　He could barely pay for his own travelling expenses, much less for mine.

　　He can't speak English fluently, even less deliver a speech in English.

　　本文选自新东方在线论坛。