同等学力英语语法专项复习：复合从句(2)

2014-12-25 15:58:00来源：网络

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　　2. 定语从句

　　引导定语从句的关联词包括：(1) 关系代词：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 关系副词：when, where, why 。关系代词和关系副词在定语中都充当一定的句法成分，关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时，一般可省去。

　　关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件的制约：(1) 先行词是指人还是指物;(2) 关系代词在从句中的句法功能;(3) 定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。关系代词的选用情况见下表：

　　例如：

　　I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.

　　The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 礼貌)。

　　The watch which (that) was lost has been found.

　　Here is the material which (that) you need.

　　You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.

　　关系副词的选用相对来说比较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词，如time 、day 等，则用when ，如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place 、house 、area 等，则用where ;如先行词为reason，则用why 。例如：

　　I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.

　　I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.

　　A. 当先行词是all、something, nothing 等不定代词时;或先行词前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no等词修饰时;或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，一般只用that 而不用which 来引导定语从句。例如：

　　I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.

　　This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.

　　B. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密，是句中不可缺少部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍完整。在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般被逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。例如：

　　His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.

　　The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.

　　C. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which 或as 来引导定语从句。which 在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as 在从句中一般只充当主语。which 与as 引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which 只能置于句中或句末，而as 的位置比较灵活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：

　　Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.

　　He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.

　　As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十项全能) at that Olympic Games.

　　D. 关系代词在定语从句中有时也充当介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用介词 + which 或介词 + whom，而不用介词 + that 来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that 代替which 或whom ，且that 这时可省去。例如：

　　This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.

　　One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.

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