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2014年在职硕士联考英语指南之写作(3)

2014-10-09 08:03:00 来源:网络发表评论

  三、图表作文

  图表作文与写议论文和说明文的写作方法大致相同,唯一的差异就是如何利用浓缩在图表中的信息阐明图中各种数据和信息所反映的问题。因此考生在写此类作文时只有在看懂图表的基础上才能动笔写。如果不能全部领会图中信息,在写作中就会出现这样或那样的问题。因此考生在阅读图表时应注意以下两点:

  第一,掌握图表上提供的信息及每一栏上面的小标题的标注,由此弄清设计者想通过图表反映出的信息、问题或现象。

  第二,在掌握全部信息的基础上,着手分析这些信息和表上的具体数字。通过分析与对比,抓住问题,便可以开拓思路,构思文章的布局、段落的划分及上下文的连贯等。

  段落的划分可根据内容而定。一般第一段应对图表做一简要的概述,点出所要涉及的问题;中间段落应对图表的重要问题进行分析;结尾段对全文做一小结。

  请看下面图表:

  FOODYEAR      1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

  Grain         49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45%

  Milk          10% 11% 11% 12% 13%

  Meat          17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21%

  Fruit and Vege tables 24% 22% 20% 20% 21%

  Total         10% 100% 100% 100% 100%

  审题:

  这张图表介绍了1986年?1990年人们食品结构发生的变化。食品包括四大类:粮、奶、肉及水果蔬菜。从图表上看,粮食消费量在逐年下降,奶和肉的消费量在上升,可见人民生活水平提高了。蔬菜水果消费量下降的原因可否归结为物价上扬问题。根据上述分析我们可以将文章分为3?5段。

  According to the above table,we can see that some changes have taken place in people′s diet since 1986,which clearly indicates the improvement of people′s living standard.

  One of the big changes is the decrease of grain consumption with 49 percent in 1986 and 45 percent in 1990.On people′s dinner tables the traditional dominant food-grain has given some way to milk and meat which were seldom seen on dinner tables before.Since the economic reform in 1978,various kinds of food have become popular in Chinese families.

  However,there is a steady reduction of fruit and vegetables with 24 percent in 1986 and a three point drop by 1990.But this is not the main trend.As the living standard of the Chinese people is rising,we look forward to further changes in people′s diet.The proportion of fruit and vegetables as well as milk and meat will definitely increase in the coming yesrs.

  四、写摘要

  摘要写作是一种实用的写作技能。写摘要就是要用简洁的语言概述一个问题、事件或观点。它的用处十分广泛,在写论文、报告、总结或演讲稿时都需要这一技能。

  摘要的特点是简明扼要,因此写摘要时要对全文进行选择取舍,抓住重点,突出新观点,强调文章的目的和主要结论。

  要写好摘要,应注意以下三方面:

  第一,要理解原文,了解原文的总体结构和主导思想以及作者的意图。

  第二,要确认每一段的主题句及重要细节。

  最后,要注意全文的结尾,因为作者常在结尾归纳总结全文或重申主题。

  选择取舍也是写好摘要的关键。一般的细节,冗长的说明,修饰成分等可删节或简化。摘要不仅要简洁,还应(和其他文章一样)完整流畅。

  原文:

  The whole process of summarizing implies an ability to make decisions.You have to decide what the author′s plan is,how the material has been organized,what the key ideas are,and what material is used merely as example.You will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because it requires so many decisions.But your efficiency in making summaries,as well as your general reading efficiency,will increase in proportion to the time and effort you spend on perfecting your notetaking technique.

  第一段的中心思想指出写摘要的过程是检查一个人的阅读理解水平的过程。它包括对文章总体结构的掌握,对主题思想的理解。(注意:本文的重点是写摘要,因此本段涉及的"决策能力"可以不提。)

  Your final summary should reflect clearly and accurately what the author has said.An inaccurate summary may be worse than no summary at all.An effective method of testing the quality of your summary is to set it aside for a month or two and then reread it.If it still recalls the essential information for you and seems to express the material in a clear and exact manner,you have done a good job.If it does not,make another attempt.This time you will do a better job.This method,incidentally,may well be applied to other types of writing.Many young writers have been advised to put their material aside for a while.If a piece of writing seems as good a year or two later as the day they finished it,they can begin to feel that it will stand the test of time.The same thing,of course,applies to what someone else has written and you have read.If you think a book you read several years ago was the best you have known,reread it.Don′t be surprised if you find yourself sadly disappointed.

  第二段的主要观点是摘要应简洁准确。如果写得不好,就不能接受时间的考验。段中列举几个事例都是为了说明上述观点,写摘要时可删去。

  Good summaries serve many purposes.Everyone,from professional to houseperson,needs and uses them.Doctors may have to summarize a report of their findings in a particular case for a medical board.They will have to read the summaries of other doctors and summaries of the latest medical research in their field.Lawyers need to prepare a summary,or brief,of their case before they present it in court.Their summary usually takes the form of a sentence outline,and many an early career is hurt by an inability to present a clear and accurate brief.A junior executive may write a summary of a long report for the president of the company.Electrical engineers will summarize their findings to formulate their plans.A student prepares summaries for use in a term paper.

  第三段的中心思想表达了写摘要的广泛用途。

  摘要:

  The ability to write summaries reflects one′s reading comprehension level.If one has a better understanding of the structure of an article and a better grasp of the main idea,he can write the summary efficiently.Moreover,a summary,if accurate and well?written,can stand the test of time.Many professions require their staff to possess the ability of writing summaries such as doctors,lawyers,junior executives and students.


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