2014年在职教育硕士英语讲义连载(2)

　　第二节 段落的句子结构

　　一.扩展句 (supporting sentence)

　　1. 目的：发展，支持或证明主题句

　　2. 手段：给出原因，事实，数据，引言，或加以阐述

　　3. 种类：主要扩展句 (major supporting statement)

　　次要扩展句 (minor supporting statement)

　　递进扩展句 (additional supporting statement)

　　Examples for supporting sentences

　　T.S. Over-fishing leads to the decrease of fish resources.

　　1. Reason: This is because an increasing number of fishermen can go fishing at sea.

　　2. Fact/figures: According to a report on fishing released by ….University, the fishing boats are 25 times more than 20 years ago.

　　3. Citation: Just a professor from the fishery department of Harvard University said, "Over-consumption of resources will result in negative effect on future development of human beings."

　　4. Further reasoning: In other words, over-consumption of resources will result in negative effect on future development of human beings.

　　二.转折句 (contrast sentence)

　　1. 目的：(议论文)反面论证观点

　　2. 手段：条件假设

　　3. 转折词：on the other hand, in contrast, without, secondly if, otherwise

　　Examples for contrast sentence

　　In my opinion, money itself can neither buy happiness nor cause evil. If you make good use of money, you can improve your life greatly. Otherwise, you will be a slave of money and evil will come into your heart. In short, only when money is used for the benefit of not only yourself but also other people, can it bring you real happiness.

　　三.结论句 (concluding sentence)

　　1. 目的：对全段或全文总结，归纳或进一步强调观点

　　2. 手段：主题句的复述或引申

　　3. 过渡词：逗号型：As a result, Indeed, To sum up,

　　从句型：It is clear that…, There can be no doubt that….

　　Example for concluding sentence

　　Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to suggest that parents should decide whether to adopt home tutoring according to the children' necessity.

　　四.段落的组织

　　说明段和描述段的基本组织形式有以下两种：

　　1. 并列扩展式

　　Example

　　Considering all these reasons, I think we should take some positive measures to seize the opportunity of globalization and introduce Chinese traditional culture and customs to foreigners. On one hand, our government ought to invest more in the study of traditional culture. On the other hand, it is necessary for us to pay more attention to the development of such traditional arts as Beijing Opera. Only in this way can our national culture be along with the quick international development.

　　2. 递进扩展式

　　Example

　　I think we have to take more effective measures to help poor children to go on with their schoolings. Through some donation program, we can help them pay their tuition. In addition, we also organize some teachers to follow up and see what we can do to help their family. As long as their family get out of poverty, children can stay in school without worries.

　　议论段的基本组织形式有以下两种：

　　1. 正论递进式

　　Example

　　The Project Hope is of great necessity. First of all, many people in poverty-stricken areas can hardly make a living, to say nothing of sending their children to schools. Moreover, education is vital to the success for the economic and social progress of the country. But it's impossible for our government to afford such a sum for the school drop-outs. Thus the Project Hope becomes the best solution.

　　2. 正反论证式

　　Example

　　Patience is essential to modern people. If we can take time and grasp the good chance the moment it arises, we can make a big progress in our work. On the contrary, if we have not enough patience, chance may slip by while we are worrying for this or that. Therefore, you had better take time and wait for the good chance.