2014年MBA全国联考英语之MBA专业术语(21)

　　S

　　Sacrifice ratio 牺牲率

　　The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point

　　Scarcity 希缺性

　　The limited nature of society’s resources

　　Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本

　　The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings

　　Stagflation 滞胀

　　A period of falling output and rising prices

　　Stock 股票

　　A claim to partial ownership in a firm

　　Store of value 价值储藏

　　An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future，examda.examda.examda.

　　Strike 罢工

　　The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union

　　Substitutes 替代品

　　Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good

　　Substitution effect 替代效应

　　The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution

　　Supply curve 供给曲线

　　A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

　　Supply schedule 供给表

　　A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

　　screening 筛选

　　the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive

　　shadow price 影子价格

　　the true social value of a resource

　　signaling 信号

　　conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity

　　slope 斜率

　　the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the rise) by the change in the horizontal axis (the run)

　　Smith’s invisible hand 斯密“看不见的手”

　　the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an invisible hand

　　smoothing consumption 均匀消费

　　consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption

　　social marginal cost 社会边际成本

　　the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer

　　socialism 社会主义

　　an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state

　　soft budget constraints 软预算约束

　　budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses

　　static expectations 静态预期

　　the belief of individuals that today’s prices and wages are likely to continue into the future

　　sticky prices 粘性价格

　　prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium

　　sticky wages 粘性工资

　　wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions

　　stock statistics 存量统计

　　measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines

　　sunk cost 沉没成本

　　a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered

　　supply-constrained equilibrium 供给约束的均衡

　　the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand

　　surplus labor 剩余劳动

　　a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers