2014年MBA全国联考英语之MBA专业术语(17)

　　piece-rate system 计件工资制度

　　a compensation system in which workers are paid specifically for each item produced

　　planned or unplanned inventories 计划或无计划库存

　　planned inventories are those firms choose to have on hand because they make business more efficient; unplanned inventories result when cannot sell what they produce

　　policy ineffectiveness 政策无效性命题

　　the proposition that government policies are ineffective--policies aimed at stimulating aggregate demand at most change the price level

　　planned economy 计划经济

　　an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the government,examda.com

　　portfolio theories 资产组合理论

　　theories that argue that monetary policy affects output through its effect on prices of various assets, in particular the prices of stocks

　　portfolio 资产组合

　　an investor’s entire collection of assets and liabilities

　　potential GDP 潜在GDP

　　a measure of what the value of GDP would be if the economy’s resources were fully employed

　　potential output 潜在产出

　　the level of output that would prevail if labor were fully employed (output may exceed that level if workers work more than the normal level of overtime)

　　precautionary savings motive 谨慎储蓄动机

　　people save to guard against the chance of an unexpected illness or accident

　　predatory pricing 掠夺性定价

　　the practice of cutting prices below the marginal costs of production to drive out a new firm (or to deter future entry), at which point prices can be raised again

　　present discounted value 现期贴现值

　　how much an amount of money to be received in the future is worth right now

　　price index 价格指数

　　a measure of the level of prices found by comparing the cost of a certain basket of goods in one year with that cost in a base year

　　principal 本金

　　the original amount a saver deposits in a bank or a borrower borrows

　　principal-agent problem 所有者—代理人问题

　　any situation in which one party (the principal) needs to delegate actions to another party (the agent), and thus wishes to provide the agent with incentives to work hard and make decisions about risk that reflects the interests of the principal

　　private marginal cost 私人边际成本

　　the marginal cost of production borne by the producer of a good; when there is a negative externality, such as air pollution, private marginal cost is less than social marginal cost

　　privatization 私有化

　　the process whereby functions that were formally run by the government are delegated instead to the private sector

　　product differentiation 产品差异

　　the fact that similar products (like breakfast cereals or soft drinks) are perceived to differ from one another and thus are imperfect substitutes

　　product market 产品市场

　　the market in which goods and services are bought and sold

　　product-mix efficiency 产品组合效应

　　the condition in which the mix of goods produced by the economy reflects the preferences of consumers

　　production efficiency 生产效率

　　the condition in which firms cannot produce more of some goods without producing less of other goods

　　productivity (GDP per hour) 生产率/平均每人时的GDP

　　how much an average worker produces per hour, calculated by dividing real GDP by hours worked in the economy

　　proprietorship 独资企业

　　a business owned by a single person, usually a small business

　　protectionism 保护主义

　　a policy of protecting domestic industries from foreign-made competition

　　pure profit (monopoly rents) 纯利润或垄断租金

　　the profit earned by a monopolist that results from its reducing output and increasing the price from the level at which price equals marginal cost