2014年MBA全国联考英语之MBA专业术语(16)

　　Prisoners’ dilemma 囚犯的两难处境

　　A particular ’game’ between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial

　　Private goods 私人物品

　　Goods that are both excludable and rival

　　Private saving 私人储蓄

　　The income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption

　　Producer price index 生产物价指数

　　A measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms

　　Producer surplus 生产者剩余

　　The amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost

　　Production function 生产函数

　　The relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good

　　Production possibilities frontier 生产可能性边界

　　A graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

　　Productivity 生产率

　　The amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time; The quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time

　　Profit 利润

　　Total revenue minus total cost

　　Progressive tax 累进税

　　A tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers

　　Proportional tax 比例税

　　A tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income

　　Public goods 公共物品

　　Goods that are neither excludable nor rival

　　Public saving 公共储蓄

　　The tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending

　　Pareto-efficient allocations 帕雷托有效配置

　　resource allocations, that cannot make a person better off without making someone else worse off

　　partial equilibrium analysis 局部均衡分析

　　an analysis that focuses on only one or a few markets at a time

　　partnership 合伙制

　　a business owned by two or more individuals, who share the profits and are jointly liable for any losses

　　patent 专利

　　a government decree giving an inventor the exclusive right to produce, use, or sell an invention

　　paternalism 父爱主义

　　the making of judgments by government about what is good for people to have, rather than letting people choose on their own

　　payroll tax 工薪税

　　a tax based on payroll (wages) that is used to finance the Social Security and Medicare programs

　　perfect competition 完全竞争

　　situation in which each firm is a price taker--it cannot influence the market price; at the market price the firm can sell as much as it wishes, but if it raises its price, it loses all sales

　　perfectly mobile capita 具有完全流动性的资本

　　capital that responds quickly to changes in returns in different countries

　　permanent-income hypothesis 永久收入假说

　　the theory that individuals base their current consumption levels on their permanent (long-run average) income

　　permanent-income savings motive 永久收入储蓄动机

　　people save in good years, to tide them over in bad years; they choose their pattern of savings and spending year by year to average or smooth their consumption over good years and bad