2014年MBA全国联考英语之MBA专业术语(12)

　　M

　　Macroeconomics 宏观经济学

　　The study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth

　　Marginal changes 边际变动

　　Small incremental adjustments to a plan of action

　　Marginal cost 边际成本

　　The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production

　　Marginal product 边际产量

　　The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input

　　Marginal product of labor 劳动的边际产量

　　The increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor

　　Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率

　　The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another

　　Marginal revenue 边际收益

　　The change in total revenue from an additional unit sold

　　Marginal tax rate 边际税率

　　The extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income

　　Market 市场

　　A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service

　　Market economy 市场经济

　　An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

　　Market failure 市场失灵

　　A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently

　　Market for loanable funds 可贷资金市场

　　The market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds

　　Market power 市场力量

　　The ability of a single economic factor (or small group of factors) to have a substantial influence on market prices

　　Medium of exchange 交换媒介

　　An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services

　　Menu costs 菜单成本

　　The costs of changing prices

　　Microeconomics 微观经济学

　　The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets

　　Model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 总需求与总供给模型

　　The model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend

　　Monetary neutrality 货币中性

　　The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables

　　Monetary policy 货币政策

　　The setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank

　　Money 货币

　　The set of assets in the economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people

　　Money multiplier 货币乘数

　　The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves

　　Money supply 货币供给

　　The quantity of money available in the economy

　　Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争

　　A market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical ,kaoshida,

　　Monopoly 垄断

　　A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes

　　Multiplier effect 乘数效应

　　The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending

　　Mutual fund 共同基金

　　An institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bondsM1, M2, M3 货币供给量的度量

　　measures of the money supply: M1 includes currency and checking accounts; M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, CDs, and money market funds; M3 includes M2 plus large-denomination savings deposits and institutional money market mutual funds

　　managerial slack 管理松懈

　　the lack of managerial efficiency (for instance, in cutting costs) that occurs when firms are insulated from competition

　　marginal costs and benefits 边际成本和边际收益

　　costs and benefits that result from choosing a little bit more of one thing and a little bit less of another

　　marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向

　　the amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by a dollar

　　marginal propensity to import 边际进口倾向

　　the amount by which imports increase when disposable income increases by a dollar

　　marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向

　　the amount by which savings increase when disposable income increases by a dollar

　　marginal utility 边际效用

　　the extra utility, or enjoyment, a person receives from the consumption of one additional unit of a goo

　　market clearing 市场出清

　　situation that exists when there is neither excess supply nor excess demand

　　market failures approach 市场失灵论

　　the argument that government may have an economic role to play when markets fail to produce efficient outcomes

　　market labor supply curve 劳动的市场供给曲线

　　the relationship between the wage paid and the amount of labor willingly supplied, found by adding up the labor supply curves of all individuals in the economy，kaoshi da

　　median voter 中间投票人

　　the voter such that half the population have preferences on one side of this voter (for instance, they want higher government expenditures and taxes),while the other half of the population have preferences on the other side of this voter (they want lower taxes and expenditures)

　　merit goods and bads 公益品和公害品

　　goods that are determined by the government to be good or bad for people, regardless for whether people desire them for themselves or not

　　mixed economy 混合经济

　　an economy that allocates resources through a mixture of public (governmental)and private decision making

　　model 模型

　　a set of assumptions and data used by economists to study an aspect of the economy and make predictions about the future or about the consequences of various policy changes

　　Modigliani-Miller theorem 莫迪利安尼—米勒定理

　　the theorem that says that under a simplified set of conditions, the manner in which a firm finances itself does not matter

　　monetarists 货币主义者

　　economists who emphasize the importance of money in the economy; they tend to believe that an appropriate monetary policy is all the economy needs from the government, and market forces will otherwise solve any macroeconomic problems

　　moral hazard 败德;道德陷阱

　　principle that says that those who purchase insurance have a reduced incentive to avoid what they are insured against

　　multiplier-accelerator model 乘数—加速数模型

　　a model that relates business cycles to the internal workings of the economy, showing how changes in investment and output reinforce each other; the central ingredients of the model are the multiplier and the accelerator

　　multilateral trade 多边贸易

　　trade between more than two parties