2014年MBA全国联考英语之MBA专业术语(9)

　　I

　　Import quota 进口限额

　　A limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically

　　Imports 进口

　　Goods and services that are produced abroad and sold domestically

　　In-kind transfers 实物转移支付

　　Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash

　　Income effect 收入效应

　　The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve

　　Income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性

　　A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income

　　Indexation 指数化

　　The automatic correction of a dollar figure for the effects of inflation by law or contract

　　Indifference curves 无差异曲线

　　Curves that show consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction A good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demanded

　　Inferior good 低档商品

　　A good for which, other things being equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in quantity demanded

　　Inflation 通货膨胀

　　An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

　　Inflation rate 通货膨胀率

　　The percentage change in the price index from the preceding period

　　Internalizing an externality 外部性的内在化

　　Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions

　　Investment 投资

　　Spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing

　　imperfect competition 不完全竞争

　　any market structure in which there is some competition but firms face downward-sloping demand curves

　　implicit contract 隐含合同

　　an unwritten understanding between two groups involved in an exchange, such as an understanding between employer and employees that employees will receive a stable wage throughout fluctuating economic conditions

　　import function 进口函数

　　the relationship between imports and national income

　　incomplete markets 不完全市场

　　situations in which no market may exist for some good or for some risk, or in which some individuals cannot borrow for some purposes

　　increasing, constant or diminishing returns to scale 规模收益递增/不变/递减

　　when all inputs are increased by a certain proportion, output increases by a greater proportion (also known as economies of scale)

　　indexing 指数化

　　the formal linking of any payment to a price index

　　individual income tax 个人所得税

　　a tax based on the income received by any individual or household

　　infant industry argument for protection 幼稚工业保护论

　　the argument that industries must be protected from foreign competition while they are young, until they have a chance to acquire the skills to enable them to compete on equal terms

　　infinite elasticity of demand 无限需求弹性

　　the situation that exists when any amount will be demanded at a particular price, but nothing will be demanded if the price rises even a small amount

　　infinite elasticity of supply 无限供给弹性

　　situation that exists when any amount will be supplied at a particular price, but nothing will be supplied if the price falls even a small amount

　　inflation tax 通货膨胀税

　　the decrease in buying power (wealth) that inflation imposes on those who hold currency (and other assets, like bonds, the payments for which are fixed in terms of dollars)

　　inflationary spiral 通货膨胀螺旋

　　a self-perpetuating system in which price increases lead to higher wages, which lead to further price increases

　　infrastructure 基础设施

　　the roads, ports, bridges, and legal system that provide the necessary basis for a working economy

　　insider-outsider theory 局内人—局外人理论

　　the theory that firms are reluctant to pay new workers (outsiders) a lower wage than current workers (insiders), because current workers will fear beingreplaced by the new log-wage workers and will not participate in cooperating with and training them

　　interest 利息

　　the return a saver receives in addition to the original amount she deposited, and the amount that a borrower must pay in addition to the original amount she deposited

　　interest rate effect 利率效应

　　the situation that exists when lower interest rates (resulting from an increase in the money supply, or a fall in the price level) induce firms to invest more

　　investment schedule 投资曲线

　　the relationship between the level of investment and the (real) rate of interest

　　investment tax credit (ITC) 投资税减免

　　a provision of the tax code in which the government reduces a company’s tax bill by an amount equal to a percentage of its spending on investment

　　involuntary unemployment 非自愿失业

　　the situation that occurs when the supply of those willing to work at the going market wage exceeds the demand for labor