2014年GCT考试英语语法复习指导(4)

　　3)动词不定式和分词用做宾语补足语

　　动词不定式和分词都可以用做宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的动作和状态。其区别在于不定式表示一个完整的动作，而分词则表示一个完整动作的过程。如：

　　I sawe her get on the tractor and drive it away. 我看见她上了拖拉机把它开走了。

　　I smelled something burning in the kitchen. 我闻到厨房什么东西有股糊味。

　　一般而言，能这样用的动词分为两类：第一类动词既可后接不定式又可接现在分词和过去分词：接不定式时表示一个完整的动作;接现在分词时表示宾语是动作的发出者，表示一个完整动作的一个过程;而接过去分词时，宾语则成为动作的承受者。这类动词有：see, hear, make, let, have, watch, feel, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to。如：

　　I heard somebody sing an English song in the next room.(表示一个完整的动作)

　　I hear somebody singing an English song in the next room.(表示完整动作的一个片段)

　　I heard an English song being sung in the next room.(表示完整动作的一个片段)

　　I heard an English song sung in the next room.(表示一个完整的动作)

　　第二类动词一般表示“致使”，要用分词做补足语：have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。

　　The sight of the inviting melon in such a hot summer day set me watering.

　　在这么炎热的夏天看到那些诱人的西瓜着实令我口水直流。

　　You won’t catch me doing that again. 我绝不会再做那事了。

　　His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose. 他的一番话禁不住让我疑惑他的真实意图。

　　The smoke started her coughing. 烟呛得她直咳嗽。

　　4)动词不定式和分词用作状语

　　根据对非谓语动词词性的分析，大家知道，动词不定式和分词同时还具有副词的词性特征，因此能在句子中充当状语。

　　与分词不同的是，动词不定式在句中做状语时，主要表示目的、结果、原因;而分词做状语主要表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、伴随等。

　　一般判别二者之间的区别使用是根据不同的标志词来确定的，或者说用marker来确定它们。例如，动词不定式表示目的的有in order to, so as to。表示结果的有：so … as to, such … as to, enough to, too … to等。请看例句：

　　He shouted so as to be noticed.(目的)

　　She started early in order to avoid the rushing crowds.(目的)

　　Would you be so kind as to lend me your bike?(结果)

　　He is such a fool as to think that his idle chat can influence others.(结果)

　　The boy is old enough to look after himself.(结果)

　　His eyesight is too poor to read such small letter.(结果)

　　She wept to hear the news.(原因)

　　I rejoiced to hear that my son had been admitted into the famous university.(原因)

　　分词的表现形式是通过悬垂结构的句意来判断的，但是要请注意，悬垂结构中的逻辑主语一定是后面主句中的主语，检验的办法就是用主句的主语很分词结构还原成一个状语从句。如：

　　① 时间

　　Looking up suddenly, Robert saw a rainbow in the sky.

　　Floating on water, a ship displaces an amount of water equal to its own wweight.

　　Hearing the news that her son was rescued, she felt greatly relieved.

　　② 原因

　　Not knowing how to pronounce the word “plough”, the Frenchman looked up it in a dictionary.

　　Considering the importance of the experiment, they checked the result again and again.

　　Living in a remote village, we rarely have visitors coming.

　　③ 条件

　　This same thing, happening in the peacetime, would be a great disaster.

　　Unless meeting with unexpected difficulties at the office today, I shall be home early tonight.